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J Thai Trad Alt Med Vol. 21 No. 2 May-Aug 2023 339

values of 49.91 ± 1.75 ng/mL and 36.23 ± 5.23 Conclusion
[25]
µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, quassinoids, From the results, the drug formulation ex-
especially chaparrinone and eurycomalactone tracts of CTL, PSP and Y5R showed inhibitory
from E. longifolia Jack have been reported to activity against SARS-CoV-2 at 45.60, 45.60
inhibit SARS-CoV-2 with low IC 50 values rang- and 50.11 %, respectively at the concentration

[26]
ing from 0.32–0.51 µM. We speculate that of 5000 µg/mL. The formulations also inhibited
the E. longifolia Jack may be responsible for the main human receptor ACE2. CTL showed
the anti- SARS-CoV-2 activity noted here in higher ACE2 inhibition than PSP and Y5R for-

the CTL preparation. mulations. CTL also demonstrated TMPRSS2
CTL showed inhibition of ACE2 and enzymatic inhibition in the dose-response
TMPRSS2 enzymes in the dose-dependent relationship manner. CTL significantly down-

manner compared to the controls with no in- regulated the expression of ACE2 but not TM-
hibitory activity (0 % relative inhibition). Signif- PRSS2, PIKfyve or cathepsin L in calu-3 which

icantly CTL at the concentrations investigated are involved in the pre-entry and early phases
showed inhibition of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 to of infection. The Thai traditional drug formula-
the same extent as the standard inhibitor (see tions reported here provided anti- SARS-CoV-2

Figures 3 and 4). At the beginning of covid-19 activity. The Ya Chanthalila formulation should
pandemic, researchers targeted the ACE2 be reconsidered as the first-line drug to fight

enzyme in attempt to block the entrance to against SARS-CoV-2 in clinical trials.
human cells of SARS-COV-2 virus. The
[27]
CTL preparation also demonstrated inhibitory Acknowledgements

activity against infection using mRNA gene This research was supported by the
expression analysis on calu-3, human lung Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of
cell lines. The results were consistent with Public Health.

the ACE2 enzymatic assay and revealed a
significant down-regulation of ACE2 gene References
expression. 1. Department of disease control. Corona virus 2019 (CO-

In this study CTL has been shown to pos- VID-19). [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Dec 24]; Available
from: https://ddc.moph.go.th/viralpneumonia/.
sess anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Preparations 2. Gil C, Ginex T, Maestro I, Nozal V, Barrado-Gil L,

of CTL should be considered as the first-line Cuesta-Geijo MÁ, Urquiza J, Ramírez D, Alonso C,
Campillo NE, Martinez A. COVID-19: Drug targets and
drug to fight against SARS-CoV-2 in traditional potential treatments. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.
clinics and hospitals. 2020;63(21):12359-86.